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Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone eight revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2007 (Montreal).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol )〕 As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070. Due to its widespread adoption and implementation it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international co-operation, with Kofi Annan quoted as saying that "perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date has been the Montreal Protocol".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Ozone Hole-The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer )〕 In comparison, effective burden sharing and solution proposals mitigating regional conflicts of interest have been among the success factors for the Ozone depletion challenge, where global regulation based on the Kyoto Protocol has failed to do so.〔(Of Montreal and Kyoto: A Tale of Two Protocols ) by Cass R. Sunstein 38 ELR 10566 8/2008〕 In case of the ozone depletion challenge, there was global regulation already being installed before a scientific consensus was established. As well in comparison, lay people and public opinion were more convinced about possible imminent risks.〔(Environmental Politics Climate Change and Knowledge Politics ) Reiner Grundmann, Vol. 16, No. 3, 414–432, June 2007〕〔(Technische Problemlösung, Verhandeln und umfassende Problemlösung, (eng. technical trouble shooting, negotiating and generic problem solving capability) ) in Gesellschaftliche Komplexität und kollektive Handlungsfähigkeit (Societys complexity and collective ability to act), ed. Schimank, U. (2000). Frankfurt/Main: Campus, p.154-182 (book summary at the Max Planck Gesellschaft )〕
The two ozone treaties have been ratified by 197 parties, which includes 196 states and the European Union,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Status of Ratification – The Ozone Secretariat )〕 making them the first universally ratified treaties in United Nations history.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UNEP press release: "South Sudan Joins Montreal Protocol and Commits to Phasing Out Ozone-Damaging Substances" )〕
== Terms and purposes ==
The treaty〔The full terms are available from http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/MP_Handbook/Section_1.1_The_Montreal_Protocol/.〕 is structured around several groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that have been shown to play a role in ozone depletion. All of these ozone depleting substances contain either chlorine or bromine (substances containing only fluorine do not harm the ozone layer). For a table of ozone-depleting substances see:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Class I Ozone-depleting Substances | Science | Ozone Layer Protection | US EPA )〕
For each group, the treaty provides a timetable on which the production of those substances must be shot out and eventually eliminated.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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